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Power Quality Measurement and Analysis
Analyzing electrical parameters associated with distributing electricity is viewed by many as complex engineering work. Yet, for engineers, electricians, and technicians troubleshooting equipment problems these days — and for contractors maintaining electrical systems they may have once installed — measuring power quality is becoming as much of a necessity as using the clamp ammeter to find out why the overloaded circuits keep tripping.
When any electrical system fails to meet its purpose, it is time to investigate the problem, find the cause, and initiate corrective action. The purpose of the electrical distribution system is to support proper operation of the loads. When a load does not operate properly, the quality of the electric power in the system should be suspected as one possible cause. Whether it’s used for troubleshooting purposes or to obtain baseline data, measuring/analyzing electrical system parameters is called power quality analysis.
The setup and use of power quality equipment — and obtaining and interpreting usable data — can be intimidating for those not familiar with the process. The key to success is knowing where and how to measure as well as how to interpret the results.
Measurement Tools
Several measurement tools are available for power quality measurement. Power quality analyzers are the most commonly used tools to observe real-time readings and also collect data for downloading to computers for analysis. While some are permanently installed in the distribution system, handheld analyzers are necessary for many applications, especially troubleshooting.
Analyzing the Data
Whether observing values real-time on the analyzer color screen or analyzing downloaded data on the laptop back in the shop, an understanding of power quality parameters and their characteristics must be understood. IEEE Power Quality Standards is excellent resource to help understand power quality terminology, issues, and corrective actions.
Traditionally considered “job one” by every electric utility, simply keeping the lights on is no longer enough for today’s automated “high-tech” industrial facility.
The fact that most utilities only log outages that last longer than 1-5 minutes tends to gloss over the many momentary interruptions that every facility experiences, and which annually result in millions of dollars in lost productivity for American businesses. Given the breadth and depth of these conditions, it is easy to see how understanding what power quality problems are, how to find them and how to solve or mitigate them will continue to gain importance for facility operators, electrical contractors and utility personnel. In general, power quality phenomena fall within the following categories:
• Steady-state events
• Long-duration events
• Short-duration events
• Transient events
• Frequency events
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